(GIS) Geographical Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

(GIS) Geographical Information System - Essay Example The hardware component of GIS is the central processing unit (CPU) or computer. It also includes a digitizer scanner whose function is to change data for example those found in maps into digital form then send the converted data to the CPU. There are also a tape device whose function is to store programs or data on magnetic tap, and a display device which is used to display data that has been processed. People as a component of GIS include end users and specialists whose function is to design the GIS for the end users. Methods refer to those procedures or techniques used data collection or processing. The functional elements of GIS are data manipulation, data input and output, data retrieval and display, data analysis and modelling and data management. Data input refers to incorporating data into the GIS whereas data output refers to removing data or information from the GIS. Data analysis and modelling involves obtaining an understanding of relationships in the data collected and de veloping a model of the spatial phenomena. Data retrieval entails taking out data from a stored format for use whereas data display is the showing off of the derived or primary data (Delaney and Niel 2006). In GIS, spatial data represent features that are location-specific or geographic in nature. They include cell location like column and raw, and coordinates like longitudes and latitudes. On the other hand, attribute data give a description of feature in a specific location and they can be in numbers or text strings. Unlike spatial data, attribute data can be measured in ratio, ordinal, interval and nominal ratios. According to Delaney and Niel (2006), topology creates an awareness of the surrounding for the GIS by developing a spatial data relationship. It links spatial and attribute data to give information on what surrounds a feature. When representing continuous and discrete geographic features, vector data structure uses points, polygons and lines whereas raster data structur e make tessellation on the representation surface through a repeated use of a square cell or a pixel. However, raster data structures are better at representing a continuous surface. Vector data structure support typology better and are more accurate in representing geographic features compared to raster data structure. Generally, raster data structure requires has a lower processing power requirement compared to vector data structure. On-screen digitising, converting, importing and geo-locating/geo-rectification are the four common methods of incorporating digital data into a GIS. On-screen digitising involves locating features from digital sources for example satellite or scanned images using a computer mouse. Attribute data is entered through computer keyboard. Geo-locating is used to input non-geographic/non-georeferenced data into GIS because it converts spatial data into geographic data. Converting is done if GIS data is in a format that cannot be used by certain software. Imp orting involves obtaining data from other sources like geo-coded textual data, satellite images or digital aerial photographs into the GIS. There exist differences in cost, effort, time, and editing requirements between on-screen digitising, converting, importing and geo-locating/geo-rectification, scanning and vectorisation, table digitizing and keyboard entry as data input methods. Both importing and converting are fast, cheaper, need less efforts and have less editing requireme

Richard III Essay Example for Free

Richard III Essay Richard then feels that he has been a burden on his mother all these years and perhaps out of his contempt and disdain for his own life. He decides to become and anti-hero, now the audience has come sympathy for him to some extent. We hear the troubles he faced in his childhood and his relationship with his mother, now the audience begins to question his sincerity. Richard possesses a coveted trait of motivation, he has the incentive and determination to carry out his plans carefully and cautiously as he executes his victims perfectly. His killing of his two nephews is an example, Richard lures them into the Tower very slyly: If I may counsel you, someday or two Your highness shall repose you at the Tower Richard lures his nephews, who are innocent and fall into a false sense of security, Richard acts like he is loving and is looking out for them. Richard is so motivated in his quest for power and claim of the throne because he is a villain and was rejected from his mother and this can cause him becoming bitter and resentful. He does not use this charm and incentive personality to make positive changes to his life but he does not stop at anything to get to the throne. The ways that the other characters portray Richard inevitably have an effect on the audience. As Richard is constantly said to be villainous and is seen in a censorious light, it is very likely that the audience will be persuaded by the conviction of other characters. He is seen pessimistically by other characters, Anne describes him as: Thou lump of foul deformity. This shows she has no respect for him. Queen Margaret holds nothing but abhorrence and detestation for Richard: A murderous villain, and so still thou art. Richard was also described by his mother as a toad. The disapproving behaviour towards Richard by many characters in conjunction with Richards pitiless actions, pushes the audience to feel the same way. Shakespeare has created a villain and anti-hero with numerous traits, personalities and fai ades which make it hard to distinguish who this villain is. The villain is obviously Richard III. Through his soliloquies, the audience is able to have an insight to how insensitive, cruel and vindictive Richard is. His deformity and family background may have caused Richard to become very bitter and consequently cause him to resent life and became a villain. His actions cannot be excused because they are not morally accepted in society. I believe Shakespeare has regurgitated other villain from his previous plays and deformed this one. He shows a love hate relationship, we are as the audience is impressed by Richard as he has the ability to charm and manipulate his victims. His ruthlessness leaves no vulnerability to make him human and suffer the consequences of his actions, we hate him yet we are fascinated by him. Richards scheming helped him come into power by other people failing to prevent him. Shakespeare created a character that we can only believe is fictional has he is so captivating. Richard can be compared to Hitler because he succeeded through his extremist personality. William Shakespeare created a complex, controversial and multi-personality character which will be remember for years to come.

Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay

Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay Artificial Intelligence is the art of programming computers in order to produce intelligent behavior, whereas brain theory is the study of the brains function, to understand how the brain functions, the stimulations that go within and how outputs are produced via mathematical modeling and computer stimulation. It can be argued that both contain similar characteristics for functionality, both works together, this can be seen through artificial intelligence used to understand the roles of brain mechanisms. Furthermore both are involved in high cognitive task, such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making. Although some philosophers have accepted that machines can do everything that humans can do, some disagree with this view arguing that such high sophisticated behavior such as love, emotions discovery and moral decisions can only be carried out by humans. AI for many years has been pursuing the study of intelligent behaviour, but using artificial methodology. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems and make decisions, both AI and the human brain share this characteristic. In order to study human intelligence some use artificial intelligence to understand human processes. One of the most significant papers on machine intelligence has been explored by Alan Turning; however his theories still remain universal. Turning (1950) predicted that by 2000, a computer could be programmed to have a conversation with a human interrogator for five minutes and that it would be able to deceive the interrogator that it is human, this suggest a link between AI and brain mechanisms. Both the human brain and machines are able to solve complex mathematical calculations; a machine may be designed to solve these calculations faster than the human brain. Although evidence suggests that our brain stores the equival ent of about of over 1018 bits and can process information at the equivalent of about 1015 bits per second. Therefore both AI and brain mechanisms can work together to produce efficient results, as it is evident that both accept input and generate the correct output. It is required that an intelligent machine should help human make decisions, to search for information, to control complex objects, and finally to understand the meaning of words. One of the possible definitions of AI refers to cognitive processes and especially to reasoning. Before making any decisions, people also reason, it is therefore natural to explore the links between both. Since the early 1950s, there has been a vast development of AI where it has become a valuable tool to support humans making decisions, similarly specific brain mechanisms are involved in decision making in the brain, one can argue that both working together will lead to more valid and faster decisions. To support this, research shows that more sophisticated and user-friendly forms of computer-assisted decision aiding technologies are being developed, examples include decision support systems and external information retrieval system, this then can work alongside brain mechanisms. AI has largely been used for problem solving; such machines have been created than can go beyond the human brain ability to solve problems. These include solving mathematical problems of high complexity; these are programmed to do exactly what we want them to do. AI is now involved in solving real life issues, which are usually dealt by human brain mechanisms, some may suggest that it may reach to such an extent that it outperforms the best traders and investors. Evidence suggest that they are already involved in to forecast the economy and analyze credit risk, these just being to examples. This is a rapid growing field which needs to be given attention. More money is being spent on this as the developments in this field have been immense. Neural networks, is one specific type of AI that mimics many characteristics of the human brain. Research suggests that neural networks are able to draw conclusions of data that is incomplete and may learn from previous mistakes, thus imitating per formance outputs by brain mechanisms. AI systems are increasingly being developed and increasing rapidly, this is because of the variety of applications it includes, such as symbolic reasoning, flexibility and explanation capabilities, thus both AI and brain mechanisms can work together and produce efficient results that would make every day life seem less effortless and produce faster results. The goal of building AI agents was that it provides efficiency and most importantly works parallel to brain mechanisms, such as contains features such as cognitive abilities which will play a role in decision making and help in difficult and complex human situations. Furthermore cognitive abilities such as perception, reasoning, learning and planning turn technical systems into systems that know what they are doing; therefore they may function in parallel to the ways brain mechanisms do. Through the years there has been vast developments and more work is being put into these systems in order to it contains certain amount of repres ented knowledge , learn from previous experiences in order to prevent mistakes previously made and so that it makes further improvement and changes. Furthermore developers have aimed to develop AI even further, such as justify the actions and decisions made, be aware of the capabilities it contains and be able to reflect on its behaviour, these are the same roles that brain mechanisms play, thus they aim to create a parallel model. Although such developments have been made through many years, it may be argued that AI may still not be able to compete with the advanced functionality of brain mechanisms. Despite the speed and memory capacity, AI struggles to contend. The human brain contains around 20 billion neurons, each neuron being connected through synapses of approximately 10,000 other neurons, which AI cannot possibly mimic. However there has been continuous progress and advances of AI, an example might be face recognition software, which detects photos; the brain does this automatically, and relies on memory similar to AI where it uses its stored memory for collection. In AI this has been used for security purposes, which have demonstrated to be very successful. Previous advances include voice recognition, which both AI and brain mechanisms share. For AI this has not only be used in terms of security reasons but also in order to function the device and making it more easier and convenient for use, this has been done through using different applications, where it involves programming, the same way the brain mechanisms programme in order to carry out specified roles. In addition although AI applications use many techniques, the fundamental building block is called the neural network, likewise brain mechanisms functions the same way. Things that were difficult to reason earlier on have become easier to understand through advances in technology. As the human brain being such a complex mechanism it has been difficult to observe human brain activity. New advances have been made in recent years, FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) being one of these discoveries which has helped immensely to capture brain activity, this has been significant help for AI as it enables to have an insight on brain activity, which may help advance and help imitate brain mechanisms. Furthermore, this then shifts the balance between building artificial intelligent systems and studying natural intelligence. It should be expected that in the future, there should be numerous studies on relating artificial intelligence to natural intelligence. Current evidence suggests that both can work together to demonstrate different cognitive states in humans, here artificial intelligence has been used for learning algorithms to distinguish between various cognitive states observed through FMRI. Looking at this area further, natural and artificial intelligence are both said to be closely related in most objects and in everyday life generally. Both get impacted if are hit physically. Human behavior is said to be artificial at times, both function through language and communication. Communication is essential for both AI and brain mechanisms in order to function. Through communication they are able to send out essential messages, which helps to maintain these systems and allows them to function effectively and plays a key role in all aspects. AI shares many characteristics with brain mechanisms; one may argue that an essential feature which only human mechanisms can produce is emotions. Emotion is defined as a persons feelings and behavior which has a direct affect on the performance, emotions may act as an obstacle to produce intelligent outcome, thus it can be argued that because AI lacks to produce emotions this may not have an impact, therefore not having an influence on the outcomes it produces. However it is essential, that in order to emulate human behavior and to work alongside humans that AI should have emotions, it is required that not only should it think and reason but also be able to show emotions. Overall evidence suggests that both artificial intelligence and brain mechanisms are closely related, both work together in order to produce efficient outcomes. AI and brain mechanisms share many key characteristics such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making and intelligence. Recent evidence suggest that AI has allowed us to understand complex brain processes, this then enables to understand human actions and decisions in more depth. However many researchers still argue that the high level cognition can only be produced by brain mechanisms, such as emotions and feelings that AI fails to produce.

Immigration-Pauline Hanson Is Wrong :: essays research papers

Pauline Hanson’s view on migration is incorrect. Ceasing migration would not be good for Australia either culturally or economically. An intelligent and sophisticated immigration program, which focuses strongly on skilled and business migration, can have a beneficial impact on our economy. The National Multicultural Advisory Council, chair Neville Roach is a firm believer in continued immigration: â€Å"Australia is a multicultural society, he said. Our cultural diversity has been a strength and an asset in our development as a nation.† Migrants have been the heart of building Australia into a strong economy. Migrants in modern Australia create jobs and business opportunities and continue to add to the rich social and cultural fabric of Australian society. Business Skills migrants create on average six new jobs and invest millions of dollars into the economy. They have brought new ideas and new technology to the areas of medicine, science, information technology, mining, primary industry and business. Their familiarity with different cultures, languages and lifestyles as well as how overseas business works has helped local companies compete in Australia and overseas. The current Migration Program is balanced and targeted to meet our economic, environmental and international objectives. Expanding a vibrant economy depends on a large population, like for example, the USA and Japan. Immigration stimulates the economy through increased tax revenue, contribution of funds from overseas, participation in employment, spending on housing and increased consumption of goods and services. Research shows that migrants are less reliant on social security than people born in Australia. Surveys on business migration reveals that within two months of arrival, over half establish businesses employing an average of five staff. â€Å"Migrants both create jobs and take jobs. They increase the demand for goods and services, which leads to job creation. They bring in capital that can be used to invest in new businesses. They also increase the size of the labour force adding to Australia’s productive capacity. Migrants also increase and expand the labour force, adding to Australia’s productive capacity,† Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Phillip Ruddock said.

Ethical Values in Business Essay

The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Business has created wealth that has given an unprecedented number of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded a person’s horizon infinitely, broken down all perceivable barriers. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. This paper  takes a peek into the enterprises that have proved that there is room for ethics and values in business. See how ethical corporates already are and how their ethics facilitate them to be leaders in their industry. SCOPE OF THIS PAPER: Understanding ethics and the concept of Business Ethics Impact of ethics in the ï‚ § Manufacturing Sector ï‚ § Education Sector ï‚ § IT/ITES & BPO Sector ï‚ § Food Industry ï‚ § Media and Advertising Cases and Examples INTRODUCTION The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuriesold barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† The credibility of the term ‘Business Ethics’ has come into question, in recent times as ‘business ethics’ is increasingly being considered an oxymoron. It is generally believed that business and ethics cannot coexist and organizations are said to thrive on unethical practices. Business ethics, as far from being a contradiction in terms, has become one of the most important areas of managerial competence and responsibility. The ethics question warrants  exploration on several levels: 1. At the macro- level: focusing on the ethical rightness of the system. 2. At the corporate-level: focusing the decisions that impact others. 3. At the individual-level: within an entity. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas: The relationship between business and consumers The relationship between employers and employees The nature and value of special forms of business organization—most notably, that of the corporation The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the proper scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (â€Å"the environment†) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories. Changing Corporate Landscape Increasing number of Corporate Scandals Concern towards the wealth creation process ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § It’s Mr.Clean vs. Ms Controversial (12/7/2007) BJP smells a scam in wheat import contracts (12/7/2007) Sweet & Sour: Light on calories, light on value? (23/6/2007) Fresh battle: China plays down food-safety troubles (14/6/2007) BP CEO quits over scandal (02/05/2007) Siemens CEO, dogged by bribery affair, quits (26/4/2007) Nasdaq founder Macklin dead (02/02/2007) Siemens chief quits as co faces bribery, corruption charges (21/4/2007) CFOs find it ‘ suffocating’ these days (29/1/2007) Ex-Cendant chairman gets over 12 years in jail (19/01/2007) ~Source: Economic Times, Mumbai ïÆ'Ëœ According to a specials report in Times of India; It is disgraceful that the poverty ratio is 28% (according to a recent government estimate) after half a century of independence. Why so? It is because, despite spending enormous sums, the government has failed dismally to provide every village with the basics of growth. BUSINESS ETHICS The concept of Business Ethics has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it’s coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing what’s right -this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Caveat emptor: This ancient Latin proverb let the buyer beware, tells us that business ethics has been a societal concern going back a long ways indeed. Ethics is not an exact science. People define Ethics in accordance with their own set of values which differ depending on time, place and culture. Webster’s defines Ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad or right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation.† The word derives from the Greek word meaning â€Å"moral,† a Latin word with roots in â€Å"mores† or â€Å"customs†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words the values held by society. Business Ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. The simplest definition of ethics and moral values would be to not distinguish between the two and say that they describe what is right and what is wrong in human behavior and what ought to be. Business ethics are the desired norms of behavior exclusively dealing with commercial transactions. Moral values are deep seated ideas and feelings that manifest themselves as behavior or conduct. If we know the consequences of our actions we can convert values into rules of behavior that can then be described as ethics, i.e, Values + Knowledge = Ethics In the business world, ethics often are displaced by greed when there is a periodic frenzy of rising stock market prices. Inevitably, a steep downturn then inflicts losses on investors and on businesses with a concomitant reduction in the  work force. An excessive competitive spirit tends to induce unethical business practices so the business world becomes a battlefield where the normal rules are flouted, skirted or simply disregarded. The en suing instability is bad for the economy and for the government. TWO BROAD AREAS OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1. Managerial mischief. Madsen and Shafritz, in their book â€Å"Essentials of Business Ethics† explain that â€Å"managerial mischief† includes â€Å"illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations, as well as the causes of such behaviours and remedies to eradicate them.† There has been a great deal written about managerial mischief, leading many to believe that business ethics is merely a matter of preaching the basics of what is right and wrong. More often, though, business ethics is a matter of dealing with dilemmas that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. 2. Moral mazes. The other broad area of business ethics is â€Å"moral mazes of management† and includes the numerous ethical problems that managers must deal with on a daily basis, such as potential conflicts of interest, wrongful use of resources, mismanagement of contracts and agreements, etc. THREE APPROACHES TO ETHICS The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas or three main approaches to ethics – Normative Ethics, Descriptive Ethics and Meta-Ethics. NORMATIVE ETHICS: This was the prevalent form of ethics in philosophy until the end of the 19th century. What things are good and bad and what kind of actions / behavior are right and wrong. It involves how people ought to act on the principles, how they make moral choices, and how rules apply to individual lives. It includes a consideration of the importance of human freedom, and a discussion of the limits of a human’s responsibility for moral decisions and for the consequences of actions. Consideration for the role of conscience in moral decision making is also a part of Normative ethics. This may come from an established group of culture, such as the Christian tradition, or it may be based on some other way of thinking. This is the traditional way of doing Ethics. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS: It is the study of ways in which different people and different societies have answered moral questions. It can be described as moral sociology or moral anthropology, a description of the moral code prevailing in different societies. It involves different approaches inside one society to the resolution of ethical problems. META-ETHICS: This is sometimes called moral philosophy or philosophical ethics. This group attracts most interest today. It seeks to understand the meaning and function moral language, of ethical terms like good and bad. It looks at the logic used in arriving at the conclusion of an argument that justifies a moral choice. Posing an ethical question illustrates the different ways the two positions respond to it. If you asked the question â€Å"Is pre-marital sex right,† a Normative Ethical answer would be more concerned with the reasons why it might be right or wrong, how they relate to certain teachings, or traditions of, say the Christian Church, or some other group. A meta-Ethical response would be more interested in what you mean by right, and what it means by a right sexual action as opposed to a wrong one. Meta Ethics has produced a number of different schools, which we will look at over the coming few weeks: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical Naturalism (Definism) Ethical Non-naturalism (Intuitionism) Ethical Non-cognitivism (Emotivism) FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS Recent corporate scandals including Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and ImClone may cause many to conclude that corporate has no ethics. The term ethics refers to rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS 1. UTILITARIAN VIEW of ethics says that: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes or consequences. Greatest good is provided for the greatest number Encourages efficiency and productivity and is consistent with the goal of profit maximization 2. RIGHTS VIEW of ethics is concerned with respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges such as the rights to privacy, free speech, and due process. ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges Seeks to protect individual rights of conscience,  free speech, life and safety, and due process To make ethical decisions, managers need to avoid interfering with the fundamental rights of others 3. Theory of Justice View of ethics is where managers impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially and do so by following all legal rules and regulations. ï‚ § ï‚ § Organizational rules are enforced fairly and impartially and follow all legal rules and regulations Protects the interests of underrepresented stakeholders and the rights of employees 4. INTEGRATIVE SOCIAL CONTRACTS theory proposes that ethical decisions be based on existing ethical norms in industries and communities in determining what constitutes right and wrong. ï‚ § ï‚ § Acts are moral when they promote the individual’s best long-term interests, which ultimately leads to the greater good Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in the long run OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS GENERAL BUSINESS ETHICS This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of which is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company’s main purpose is to maximize the returns to its shareholders, then it could be seen as unethical for a company to consider the interests and rights of anyone else. Corporate social responsibility or CSR: an umbrella term under which the ethical rights and duties existing between companies and society is debated. Issues regarding the moral rights and duties between a company and its shareholders: fiduciary responsibility, stakeholder concept v. shareholder concept. Ethical issues concerning relations between different companies: e.g. hostile takeovers, industrial espionage. Leadership issues: corporate governance. Political contributions made by corporations. Law reform, such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of corporate manslaughter. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics covers the myriad practical ethical problems and phenomena which arise out of specific functional areas of companies or in relation to recognized business professions. ETHICS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION Creative accounting, earnings management, misleading financial analysis. Insider trading, securities fraud, bucket shop, forex scams: concerns (criminal) manipulation of the financial markets. Executive compensation: concerns excessive payments made to corporate CEO’s. Bribery, kickbacks, and facilitation payments: while these may be in the (short-term) interests of the company and its shareholders, these practices may be anti-competitive or offend against the values of society. ETHICS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The ethics of human resource management (HRM) covers those ethical issues arising around the employer-employee relationship, such as the rights and duties owed between employer and employee. Discrimination issues include discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness. See also: affirmative action, sexual harassment. Issues surrounding the representation of employees and the democratization of the workplace: union busting, strike breaking. Issues affecting the privacy of the employee: workplace surveillance, drug testing. Issues affecting the privacy of the employer: whistle-blowing. Issues relating to the fairness of the employment contract and the balance of power between employer and employee: slavery, indentured servitude, employment law. Occupational safety and health. ETHICS OF SALES AND MARKETING Marketing which goes beyond the mere provision of information about (and access to) a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. To some extent society regards this as acceptable, but where is the ethical line to be drawn? Marketing ethics overlaps strongly with media ethics, because marketing makes heavy use of media. However, media ethics is a much larger topic and extends outside business ethics. Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming. Anti-competitive practices: these include but go beyond pricing tactics to cover issues such as manipulation of loyalty and supply chains. See: anti-competitive practices, antitrust law. Specific marketing strategies: greenwash, bait and switch, shill, viral marketing, spam (electronic), pyramid scheme, planned obsolescence. Content of advertisements: attack ads, subliminal messages, sex in advertising, products regarded as immoral or harmful Children and marketing: marketing in schools . ETHICS OF PRODUCTION This area of business ethics deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not cause harm. Some of the more acute dilemmas in this area arise out of the fact that there is usually a degree of danger in any product or production process and it is difficult to define a degree of permissibility, or the degree of permissibility may depend on the changing state of preventative technologies or changing social perceptions of acceptable risk. Defective, addictive and inherently dangerous products and services (e.g. tobacco, alcohol, weapons, motor vehicles, chemical manufacturing, bungee  jumping). Ethical relations between the company and the environment: pollution, environmental ethics, carbon emissions trading. Ethical problems arising out of new technologies: genetically modified food, mobile phone radiation and health. Product testing ethics: animal rights and animal testing, use of economically disadvantaged groups (such as students) as test objects. ETHICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Knowledge and skills are valuable but not easily â€Å"ownable† objects. Nor is it obvious who has the greater rights to an idea: the company who trained the employee or the employee themselves? The country in which the plant grew, or the company which discovered and developed the plant’s medicinal potential? As a result, attempts to assert ownership and ethical disputes over ownership arise. Patent infringement, copyright infringement, trademark infringement. Misuse of the intellectual property systems to stifle competition: patent misuse, copyright misuse, patent troll, submarine patent. Even the notion of intellectual property itself has been criticised on ethical grounds: see intellectual property. Employee raiding: the practice of attracting key employees away from a competitor to take unfair advantage of the knowledge or skills they may possess. The practice of employing all the most talented people in a specific field, regardless of need, in order to prevent any competitors employing them. Bioprospecting (ethical) and biopiracy (unethical). Business intelligence and industrial espionage. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS AND ETHICS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The issues here are grouped together because they involve a much wider, global view on business ethical matters. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new  practical issues arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields include: The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behavior. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives. Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g. bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair trade movement; transfer pricing. Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism. Varying global standards – e.g. the use of child labour. The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centre’s) to low-wage countries. The permissibility of international commerce with pariah states. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS CONFLICTING INTERESTS Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Some ethicists (e.g., Henry Sidgwick) see the principal role of ethics as the harmonization and reconciliation of conflicting interests. ETHICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business ethic in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. However, some point out that self interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. The economist Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of this view. Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would suggest that this includes even rights of governance. Some theorists have adapted social contract theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company’s operations. This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy, which is largely due to John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice, and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the â€Å"quality movement† that emerged in the 1980s. Professors Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call Integrative Social Contracts Theory. They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a â€Å"fair agreement† between the parties, using a combination of i) Macro-principles that all rational people would agree upon as universal principles, and, ii) Micro-principles formulated by actual agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone’s property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social  justice. Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws. It is sometimes claimed that a Gresham’s law of ethics applies in which bad ethical practices drive out good ethical practices. It is claimed that in a competitive business environment, those companies that survive are the ones that recognize that their only role is to maximize profits. On this view, the competitive system fosters a downward ethical spiral. ETHICS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In the corporate world, business ethics have a major role to play in the manufacturing sector too. It is the duty of the manufacturer to produce the products and goods according to the customer’s requirements and satisfaction. He / She has to produce goods which is of good quality, reasonable price and to top it all it should be safe to use by the customer. In case if the products produced by a particular company are not up to the customer’s expectations or requirements then the customer has a right to question the manufacturer and be compensated for the damage caused to him on using the product. Thus, all companies are taking great care and paying attention to produce proper and good quality products adhering to the standards, lest their company’s reputation does not get affected. Despite all these consumer rights assuming great importance in the society, do all  manufacturing industries follow ethical values and principles in their day to day lives? â€Å"A Business that makes nothing but Money is a Poor kind of Business.† ~ Henry Ford Whether it is for the sake of beating competition or simply because it makes good business sense, companies now have started to internalize business ethics and values. Ethics have become a part and parcel of the entire manufacturing process. Sometime back the bottom line of an enterprise used to be monetary profits but this bottom line today comprises a whole gamut of subjects like quality assurance, environmental friendly practices, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and many more. Gone are the days when companies could act philanthropic and charitable by parting with a miniscule portion of their profits. There is no recognition for an organization that fails to recognize ethics and values in its domain area. MOTOROLA Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by its vision of Seamless Mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping people get and stay connected simply and seamlessly to information, and entertainment that you want and need. Motorola does this by designing and delivering the â€Å"must have† products, â€Å"must do† experiences and powerful networks — along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US$35.3 billion in 2005. KEY BELIEFS – THE WAY MOTOROLA WILL ALWAYS ACT Motorola’s Key Beliefs have been in existence for decades, and Motorola continues to have a strong culture of corporate ethics and citizenship. Since its original establishment in the 1970s, its Code of Business Conduct has provided Motorola employees guidance for their business activities, placing a priority on establishing trust with its stakeholders. However, it is not enough to declare its good values. Motorola is committed to acting on  them–through the potential of its technology and the way they conduct their business. The EthicsLine offers information, advice and suggestions. Use it to discuss any concern or problem – not just for emergencies. The EthicsLine strives to make sure that all questions or concerns are handled fairly, discreetly and thoroughly. ETHICAL PRACTICES PRACTICED BY MOTOROLA Times will change. Our products will change. Our people will change. Our customers will change. What will not change is our commitment to our key beliefs. The key beliefs define who they are as individuals and as a company – to each other, its customers, its shareholders, its suppliers, its competitors and its communities. Uncompromising integrity means staying true to what they believe. Motorola adheres to honesty, fairness and doing the right thing without compromise, even when circumstances make it difficult. Constant respect for people means how Motorola treats everyone with dignity. Constant respect applies to every individual they interact with around the world. The Code of Business Conduct is a guide to help Motorolans live up to Motorola’s high ethical standards — and their own. It summarizes many of the laws that Motorola and all Motorolans are required to live by. The Code goes beyond the legal minimums, however, by describing the ethical values we shar e as Motorolans. The Code is neither a contract nor a comprehensive manual that covers every situation Motorolans throughout the world might encounter. It highlights key issues and identifies policies and resources to help Motorolans reach decisions that will make Motorola proud. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO MOTOROLANS We respect the dignity of each Motorolan. Motorolans will treat each other with respect and fairness at all times. They will value the difference of diverse individuals from around the world. Employment decisions will be based on business reasons, such as qualifications, talents and achievements, and will comply with local and national employment laws. Abusive, harassing or offensive conduct is unacceptable, whether verbal, physical or visual. Examples include derogatory comments based on racial or ethnic characteristics and unwelcome sexual advances. The Motorolans are encouraged to speak out if a co-worker’s conduct makes them uncomfortable and to report harassment if it occurs. They are all responsible for maintaining a safe workplace by following safety and health rules and practices. They are responsible for immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe equipment, practices or conditions to a supervisor or other designated person. Motorola is committed to keeping its workplaces free from hazards. To protect the safety of all employees, each of them must report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent them from conducting work activities safely and effectively. Threats or acts of violence or physical intimidation are prohibited. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMERS AND CONSUMERS We earn customer loyalty by delivering on our promises. Maintaining Motorola’s valuable reputation requires complying with its quality processes and safety requirements. Motorola builds long-term relationships with its customers by demonstrating honesty and integrity. Its marketing and advertising will be accurate and truthful. Deliberately misleading messages, omissions of important facts or false claims about its competitors’ offerings are unacceptable. They obtain business legally and ethically. Bribes or kickbacks are unacceptable. Guidance on customer gifts, travel and entertainment is in the Conflicts of Interest section of this Code. Motorola protects its customer information that is sensitive, private or confidential – just as carefully as they protect their own. Only those who have a need to know, have access to confidential information. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO COMMUNITIES As a global corporate citizen, Motorola creates products and provides services that benefit people around the world. Motorola serves society by  providing life-enhancing products and services at a fair price, and by actively supporting the communities in which they operate. Motorola, the Motorola Foundation and Motorolans throughout the world provide generous financial and voluntary support to thousands of worthwhile community programs. Motorolans are free to support community, charity and political organizations and causes of their choice, as long as they make it clear that their views and actions are not those of Motorola. Employees’ outside activities must not interfere with job performance. No Motorolan may pressure another employee to express a view that is contrary to a personal belief, or to contribute to or support political, religious or charitable causes. Motorola respects the environment by complying with all applicable environmental laws in all countries in which they conduct operations. Motorola is committed to protecting the environment by minimizing the environmental impact of its operations and operating its businesses in ways that foster sustainable use of the world’s natural resources. Motorolans must comply with Motorola’s environmental policies and programs. Notify management if hazardous materials come into contact with the environment or are improperly handled or discarded. Motorola provides fair, accurate, timely and easy to understand information to the public. To ensure professional and consistent handling, requests from the media are forwarded to the local communications group or Corporate Communications. Requests from financial analysts and shareholders are forwarded to Investor Relations. ETHICS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR Human beings have an innate ethical sense that urges them to make predictable choices. Although most people believe that their actions are guided by logic and reason, reason often acts only as a mechanism to justify these choices. Ethics education is about recognizing the real power of one’s innate ethical sense and how it influences our behavior. In this way we can free reason to become a tool to truly guide our actions. Without the wisdom that results from understanding one’s innate ethical self, reason remains a powerful propaganda prop for unchallenged intrinsic human ethical imperatives. Educational institutions are microcosms of culture and the society that  supports them. As such, they should be bastions of ethical behavior. These institutions should be the training ground for students to determine and practice their personal ethics code which will guide them for the remained of their lives. Each classroom becomes a laboratory of the process of decision making, and of critically examining choices in the workplace, interpersonal relationships, and personal lives. Teachers can play an important role in assisting students to view ethical choices as a vital part of their future lives, both as professionals and in their daily living. â€Å"The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.† ~ Albert Schweitzer, German doctor and Theologian. SCHOOL OF ETHICS Business ethics to students has become a critical issue as the future of any nation lies in creating not just CEO’s and headers but in creating successful individuals who are ethically strong. Ethics can be taught in two major ways: 1. THE PHILOSOPHY The best way to encourage students on this path would be to ask students to think of actions that they consider morally right and wrong. Responses like â€Å"that is what our society says† should be gently resisted, on the grounds that they do not account for why certain kinds of actions are favored over others. Later the exercise is repeated with business situations like deceptive product representation, the subjection of employees to unsafe or dangerous working conditions (particularly without their consent), discrimination, padding expense reports and other self-interested lines, monopolistic practices that exclude competitors from the market, and so forth. 2. CONVERSATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING BUSINESS ETHICS Using conversational learning in business ethics teaching efforts will allow students to become self-reflective, to learn the value of dialogue and good  moral conversation, to learn about others’ learning experiences and attitudes, and to apply the knowledge gained to organizational life. The process seems to foster a trusting environment, one in which students engage in active participation and take personal risks in the classroom. ROLE OF THE STUDENT Listening to others with the intention of learning with them Reflecting intentionally to gain organizational life. Being open – minded and accepting that there are multiple legitimate and viable perspectives and possibilities in any situation. Understanding that there is no right answer or right approach in an ethical situation. Being proactive in anticipating potential ethical and moral dilemmas and finding different ways to learn from different perspectives about how one might address such dilemmas. more understanding of the complexities of ROLE OF THE TEACHER The conversational methods of teaching business ethics have the following requisites:Knowing one’s strengths and shortcomings, being honest with oneself, continuously striving to increase our ethical (and other) self – awareness, seeking and listening to feedback from responsible peers and colleagues. Building an atmosphere of trust and psychological safety and a norm of collective responsibility in the classroom. Generating empathy in the students and making them learn from each other’s experiences. Reflecting and building on differences in perspectives of different students. Emphasizing relationships and social interactions and proactively managing the dynamics of ethical and moral situations, challenges, opportunities and dilemmas. In the long run meaningful dialogue promotes deeper commitment to the goal, purpose of mission of teaching business ethics. However, it is important to recognize that the introduction to talking and learning about values, beliefs, morals and other ethically related issues often generates in students powerful emotional responses ranging from self doubt and shame to frustration and confusion. ETHICS IN the it sector Ethics in IT industry and BPO is a form of art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a setting of any industry and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged. Every IT industry has one or more values, whether they are consciously aware of it or not. Another way of saying it is that a value is a statement of the company’s intention and commitment to achieve a high level of performance on a specific Qualitative or Quantitative factor. As a part of more comprehensive compliance and ethic programs in IT companies, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly generalized language, or they can be more detailed policies containing specific requirements. They are generally meant to identify the companies’ expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling some of the more common ethical problems that might arise. It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to:Ethical Awareness Improvements in ethical policies Consistency in application Avoidance of ethical disasters An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend seminars regarding ethical conduct, which often include discussions of the company’s policies, specific case studies and legal requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign agreements stating that they will abide to the ethical codes and practices. â€Å"Every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity an obligation; ETHICs – bpo – security Why must BPO Companies hire â€Å"Ethical Hackers† BPO organizations must secure their IT infrastructure and networks. Just as corporations employ auditors to routinely examine financial records, so should BPO Service Providers audit security policy. Without security audits and compliance controls, no real security exists. This is a big problem. There are plenty of individuals waiting to test and probe your organization’s security stance. These individuals range from government to corporate spies, to hackers, crackers, script kiddies, or those who write and release malicious code into the wild. Their presence in your network is not a good thing! Who are Ethical Hackers? An ethical hacker is most similar to a penetration tester. The ethical hacker is an individual who is employed or contracted to undertake an attempted penetration test. These individuals use the same methods employed by hackers. In case you were unsure; hacking is a felony in the United States. Ethical Hackers have written authorization to probe a network. Only then is this attempted hack legal, as there is a contract between the ethical hacker and the organization. In 1995, long before today’s stringent guidelines, one individual received 3 felony counts, 5 years probation, 480 hours of community service, and a $68,000 legal bill for failing to insure proper authorization. How is Ethical Hacking Performed? Primarily, ethical hackers are employed in groups to perform penetration tests. These groups are commonly referred as â€Å"Red Teams†. These individuals are paid by the organization to poke, prod, and determine the overall level of security. Again, what is important here is that they have been given written permission to perform this test and have detailed boundaries to work within. Don’t be lulled into believing that the penalties fro legal penetration are low, it is a felony!! What is the Test about? The Certified Ethical Hacker Exam consists of 21 domains covered in 50 questions. It has a two – hour time limit. These questions have multiple choice answer options. During the test, it is allowed to mark questions for which the answers are not too sure about and then return for later review. The domains were compiled to evaluate the full range of security testing. One must also demonstrate how hacker tools work and demonstrate knowledge of professional security tools, as well as how these tools are utilized. The 21 domains are as follows: 1. Ethics and Legal Issues 2. Footprinting 3. Scanning 4. Enumeration 5. System Hacking 6. Trojans and Backdoors 7. Sniffers 8. Denial of Service 9. Social Engineering 10.Session Hijacking 11.Hacking Web Servers 12.We Application Vulnerabilities 13.Web Based Password Cracking Techniques 14.SQL Injection 15.Hacking Wireless Networks 16.Virus and Worms 17.Hacking Novell 18.Hacking Linux 19.IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots 20.Buffer Overflows 21.Cryptography ETHICS IN the food sector Whether we eat to live or live to eat, we all would have been out to eat, at some point in our lives. The above statement is seriously understated since most of us eat out at least once a week. Whenever we visit a hotel or buy some packaged food, it indirectly indicates the trustworthiness of the brand. The underlying factor contributing towards a brand image is the ethics followed by the company. The food industry shoulders a huge responsibility; the health of their patrons / consumers. The industry has to adhere to laws, procedures, norms and several quality standards. Right from the raw materials, the various ingredients, procurement to the processing and packaging activities have to be meticulously carried out. Now let us see how the various ethical aspects are dealt with in this industry. AAVIN Goodness of milk The first cooperative diary was set up at Chennai city during the year 1927. The state diary development department was established in 1958. The first modern diary plant with a capacity to handle 50,000 litres per day of pasteurized milk was established in the year 1963 at Madhavaram near Chennai with the aid from New Zealand. A diary to handle 50,000 litres per day was  set up at Madurai with the assistance of the UNICEF in 1967. The system consisted of supervised milking at the village level and the transportation of the raw milk in aluminum cans through hired transport vehicles to milk chilling plants or directly to the diary. Quality control happens to be the core element of the organization. Especially since AAVIN deals with perishable products the quality standards and fulfilling them is crucial for the sustenance of the organization. It has added to AAVIN’S goodwill through the ages and also has led to diversification in the long run. The quality control department makes state of the art machines and techniques for fulfilling their promise to provide high quality and hygienic products. Aavin has taken up measures to improve the quality of raw milk procured at the village level milk co-operative societies and also to enforce clean milk practices at the society level to enhance the quality of milk at the initial level itself. The clean milk production programme, includes not only the production of good quality milk, but also improves animal management, feed and fodder, artificial insemination, training to farmers and society personnel, installation of bulk coolers, maintaining milk yard free from flies, dirt etc. and usage of SS vessels to maintain minimum level of bacterial load, according to Aavin sources. In the diary co-operatives, the milk procurement staff is given training in clean milk production at NDDB training centres. The milk producers are educated for hygienic management of animals, milking methods and handling of milk. They are also provided with SS pails and antiseptic solutions for cleaning the animal udder etc. Massive awareness campaigns are carried out among the society members. At present Aavin has three diaries in Chennai, on at Ambattur with a capacity of 4LLPD (Lakh Litre per Day), at Madhavaram with a capacity of 2 LLPD and the third one at Sholinganallur with a capacity of 4 LLPD for procuring milk from district unions, process and packaging in sachets to cater to the needs of consumers in and around Chennai city. All the three diaries are certified with ISO 9001:2000. Efforts are also being taken to get the HACCP certification for these three diaries. 33 ETHICS IN media & advertising sector Media Ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the particular ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. This is the general definition of media ethics and as the definition suggests, there are many dimensions to media. In today’s world, media is given a lot of importance and is considered to be the voice of the public. But there are some who take undue advantage of the freedom given to them for the sake of money, fame or in most cases both. Breach of code of conduct in this industry has more effect on people as it can be seen and followed explicitly. People trust media to give them accurate information and are at time deceived by its exaggerated versions. Media is a double edged sword and it has to be handled very carefully. Its impact is long time and is very powerful and influencing. A balance has to be struck between the purpose of media with the code of ethics. â€Å"Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.† ~ Oscar Wilde, Irish Dramatist and Poet FACEBOOK – AD PLATFORM Facebook Ads represent a completely new way of advertising online. For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people, but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation. And they’re going to do this by using the social graph in the same way our users do.† – Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), Founder and CEO, Facebook, in 2007. â€Å"The new advertising system will target ads based on personal information shared by users with their friends†¦ It also reeks of unethical practices since when these users joined Facebook they were not told or given the chance to opt out and state that their personal information like interests, relationship status, work history, etc. should not be used.† – Sujatha Ganesan, a Business and Technology Lawyer, in 2007. This case discusses the ethical and privacy concerns pertaining to Facebook’s new ad system. On November 06, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), the founder and CEO of Facebook introduced an ad system called Facebook Ads to connect business houses with Facebook users. As of November 2007, Facebook had 55 million active registered users, and was the second fastest growing social networking site, with an astounding year-on-year growth rate of 133 percent. This new system was expected to facilitate offering of better targeted advertisements to the users. According to Zuckerberg, the new ad platform would provide a very different way of online advertising as it would give the advertiser a chance to ‘be a part of the conversation’ by using the ‘social graph’ in the same way as the Facebook users did. Earlier this summer, a Miss America contestant was blackmailed using pictures from her old Facebook page to try to get her dethroned from her title of Miss New Jersey. Amy Polumbo had deleted her Facebook page before the state pageant, but that didn’t stop an anonymous sender who called themselves the â€Å"Committee to Save Miss America.† Polumbo did not give up her crown, and the photos that were sent were not as bad as they were made out to be. But it teaches us all a lesson, especially business owners, about how open one should be on social networking sites. Potential risk to using social networking sites for business related purposes is privacy. One of the hottest issues is Facebook’s new social ad policy, which allows you to basically become a free advertisement for any company they share information with. For example, when you rent a movie from Blockbuster Video, that information is shared with Facebook. Then all of your friends know what you have rented. This can be embarrassing if your business colleague see your Facebook page. The Facebook privacy policy, for example, not only gives them permission to share your information with a third party, it also states that  they may obtain information about you from other sources, such as newspapers, blogs and the like. So not only are they able to collect information about you from their site, but they can use information they collect from other sources. Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change — times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit and for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act — consistently. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity. Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community — critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning. Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Ethics programs are an insurance policy — they help ensure that policies are legal. There are an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. Ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts â€Å"of omission† and can lower fines. Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management — this benefit needs far more attention. Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. Ethics programs promote a strong public image. Attention to ethics is also strong public relations — admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. The fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Overall benefits of ethics programs: Managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages. Last – and most — formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do. CONCLUSION Whenever and wherever there are meaningful discussions to create better socio-economic conditions in the society or to make the world a better place to live in, the discussions invariably touch Business and Industry or Trade and Commerce also besides other areas of human activities. Those who run their business or industry on principles of honesty, integrity and justice are the ones who raise the prestige of their nation and are inspiring examples unto others. However, there are people who indulge into unfair, unjust, dishonest or socially harmful activities and do not believe in  fairplay and excellence. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individual’s financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Because business decisions often require specialized knowledge, ethical issues are often more complicated than those faced in personal life — and effective decision making requires consistency. Because each business situation is different, and not all decisions are simple, many organizations have embraced ethical codes of conduct and rules of professional ethics to guide managers and employees. However, sometimes self-regulation proves insufficient to protect the interest of customers, organizations, or society. At that point, pressures for regulation and enactment of legislation to protect the interests of all parties in the exchange process will likely occur. Maintaining a strong ethical culture is essential for complying with the laws and regulations, but this alone cannot be the motivation for ethical culture building. Beyond the large impact an organization’s culture has on the bottom line, the development of programs to foster ethical conduct must maintain a focus on fairness, encouragement, and communication at all employee levels. Along these lines, employees must be given the appropriate tools and models to align their behavior with company culture and engag e in ethical decision-making. The attitudes, choices, and actions of business leaders play a primary role in the creation of an organization’s ethical culture and climate; expectations for employees’ ethical behavior can only be set as high as the organization’s leadership is willing to meet. A leader’s ability to consistently promote ethical conduct in an organization is critical to ensuring that employees understand how to make â€Å"doing what is right† a priority. Thus it can be  concluded that, Ethics are important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is an essential part of the foundation on which of a civilized society is build. A business or society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. â€Å"Live in such a way that you would not be Ashamed to sell your parrot to the town gossip.† ~ Will Rogers

Guide to Teaching a Home Schooler to Love to Write

Guide to Teaching a Home Schooler to Love to Write Guide to Teaching a Home Schooler to Love to Write There is a trend rising around the globe, and it is homeschooling. While the increase of having your child sit at home, and getting them engaged in their studies is something many parents were not prepared for, unless they were already educators, the need for suggestions on how to teach them what is necessary for them to pass the tests each school year is also on the rise. Math and science has become popular with home schoolers due to the games online that help them grow to love these subjects, but writing seems to get students in a grumpy mood. Parents hear, â€Å"I hate to write, I hate to read, it’s so boring†. Parents, before you get frustrated and just give them the math and science homework instead of writing work, consider this: When our children practice their handwriting, it helps them develop their coordination Their reading skills increase Their spelling skills increase When they are fluid in handwriting skills, children learn to concentrate on task for longer periods of time Visual skills and motor skills are enhanced and they become better writers Writers are in high demand in workforce, and practicing now will help them study better in college So how do we get our kids engaged in literature and writing as much as they seem to love math and science? The first thing a home school educator must do is come up with an engaging writing curriculum specific to the age of the child. For Grades 1-4 When teaching this age group, we must keep in mind that their focus changes quickly. You can begin to peak their interest by asking them to write a simple list. Show them a list of your favorite things, and ask them to make a list of 5 of their favorite things. After their list is done, ask them to write 2 sentences telling you why each thing is important to them. The one thing that we know about this demographic is that are still very much self-centered by nature and always want to talk about what interests them. While teaching your kids to become writers, start developing a curriculum of how to teach them by buying books based on teaching kids to write. You can find many in your neighborhood library, or amazon.com is a low-cost place to buy books. Picture Use Graphics are always on the walls of elementary schools. This is because children have great imaginations. Gather many pictures of animals, cartoon characters, and even their favorite video game characters. You can type them into any search engine then click images, and they will pop up. Hang them near you homeschooled child at the beginning of the lesson and start a sentence about the picture and instruct your child to write a short story to go along with your sentence. Make sure you have many picture books on hand for your child and try these tips: After lunch sit with your child and read a book to them, if they already know how to read, ask that they read a paragraph then you read one. Reading encourages writing. When coming across words that your child struggles with, write it down or highlight it in the book. (only if you own the book, do not write in Library books) When you are done, go over the words that your child had trouble with and ask that they write a sentence for each of the words. Have your child create flash cards with color markers, putting words on one side and the name of the book they came out of on the other side. The next day, let them choose the book they want to read after lunch. Start a book shelf close to the area where your child is homeschooling. Parents, keep in mind that you are teaching the child to love to write, and this means giving them something they love to read. Sometimes this may mean changing location in the home also. No Distractions Please Being homeschooled can be a challenge because you are in the comfort of your home and we are used to turning on the television, the radio, answering the telephone, the door etc. While your little angel is trying to write their sentences, do not get distracted by phone calls or anything else. Kids will do what they see you do and if you allow for distractions while schooling is going on, you will inevitably have to begin again and again. One suggestion that we have found helpful, is changing the location of where you teach your child. If the living room is where you all usually watch your favorite shows or entertain guests. Don’t teach there. If the child’s room has their games, television etc. you may not want to leave them in there to study. Create an office space, or use your home office as the place that studies take place. Nature Teaches Us If it is a beautiful day, to encourage writing about the neighborhood, take a walk to the nearby park, you can practice writing in sand or with a stick in the dirt, or go to the library and have a lesson there. Take a car ride to the country, a day trip, much like they do in secular schools. Stop at a new place that you have never been, and pull out paper and writing tools and ask that your child create a story about where they are and what they see, but the story must be about: The smallest person on the planet Leaving the planet If everything was blue (or any color you choose) What they would do if they were lost in the middle of the woods Their tennis shoes, if they were magic If the car was a plane, where would you both go What happened when it began to rain? How many things they can think of that are in your house What they would do if cupcakes began to fall from the sky that could talk This exercise should take about 25 minutes or less and if they do not finish, keep that notebook in the car when you get back home. That notebook is now the car-story book and will be used when you go out. Middle Schoolers When you must teach middle-school kids how to develop an essay, you as a parent may need help in this area. Before you teach this subject, get in touch with a professional writing service that can help with your essays. Websites like this can give you feedback on an essay that you write and send to them, or they can write a professional essay and send it to you fully structured so you can use it as a guide. Sample essays are always good to have around when it comes to writing. Not only for your child, but for you to get good at your writing also. Middle schoolers are harder to keep engaged than little ones, they think they are too sophisticated for their parents when it comes to things like technology. We suggest that technology like their phones be off limits, unless they are used for writing. Many times, if we offer time on the computer or on their phones in exchange for writing a story, this works wonders for middle schoolers, no matter how much they hate writing. Some of the subjects that interests them are: Their favorite star (music, sports, television) Have them research someone they admire and write 2 paragraphs about them Jobs. Middle schoolers are interested in making their own money, tell them to write about their dream job and what they would do with their first paycheck. If they could go to any school in the country or the world, where would they go (this will give you an idea whether their mind is on college) Switching Roles Pick a day out of the week where you the parent becomes the student. Have your middle schooler create a lesson plan for you to carry out. They will spend up to 1-hour writing out what they want you to accomplish for your writing lesson. They will be testing you on grammar and developing an essay for you to write. This task will get their writing lesson in and they won’t even think they are doing work. It will all be about teaching you not them. Tell them to create a spelling word list for the following week and they must test you on your spelling list. If they are having trouble, be prepared to give them websites to find lists of words where they can do their research for you. Not only will this be fun, they will ask to do this again and again. Let them know that you love their teaching style and that you look forward to the days that they get to teach you. Writing Letters and With Others We as parents that homeschool must remember that writing just for us can become a bit boring for kids. Here are a few tips that can give your writing lessons new spark: Start a play date that invites other homeschoolers and their parents over to read aloud each other’s short stories Find a pen-pal site and write to people from other countries and read their letters aloud. Don’t wait for the holidays to write to Grandparents, write them just to say you miss them. Ask the local library if they would give you space to have poetry readings once a month, and get other parents that homeschool involved in participating. Develop cliff hanger stories that you pass around to your neighbors to finish. Start at the house on the block with something that goes like this. Today when the lights went out all over town†¦, then the next house gets to fill in a couple of sentences until it is a full story. Substitute the Writing Creative writing, and writing in general can be exciting and beneficial to all students, but to those that hate to write, it may take genuine effort to just get out one sentence. There are other projects that you can get you child interested in and still get them practicing their writing. For instance: Find a word puzzles (offer prizes for most words found) Creating their own crossword puzzles Use pictures to fill in word blanks instead of writing them in Create a list of rhyming words and then write a poem for them to recite out loud Tell them to use each letter in their names to come up with funny words that rhyme Hide word cards around the house and have a scavenger hunt to find them. When found, each word must be yelled out, and they must replace a card around the house for your turn to find. (Parent participation is so important in helping the child that does not like to write) When it is time to do the food shopping, get your child to sit down and write down what you call out that the house needs. Eggs, cheese, bread, etc. then tell them to write down some of their favorites on the list also. At the market, they will be reading the list back to you as you get the things from the shelves. You are on your way to helping your student learn to love writing. The more they read, the more prone they are to become good writers. At the end of every month, there should be an essay written.   Start with one page, and by the end of the homeschool semester they should be writing at least 3 pages of text. For younger children, include pictures that they can draw along with their stories. With these and other tips that are online for homeschooling parents, you will succeed in giving your child the best homeschool experience that you can give. Good luck!

Richard The Lion Hearted Essays - Religion, Mythology, Free Essays

Richard The Lion Hearted Essays - Religion, Mythology, Free Essays Richard The Lion Hearted Greek Mythology played a very key role in the lives of the Greeks. Through the many legends about the gods, the Greeks were able to find reasons for all the laws of nature in a supernatural form. These legends were passed down from generation to generation until the spread of Christianity. On top of giving the Greeks reasons for natures action, their religion also gave them a faith that thing were going to be okay, which is something that all humans crave. The Greeks had 13 major gods. They often used these gods in their myths and prayed to them for particular needs. The head of the gods was Zeus who was also the god of the sky. Whenever Zeus spoke, he was listened to and his word was always final. Zeus had two brothers, Poseidon and Hades. The three brothers drew straws to decide who would control the skies, who would control the seas, and who would control the underworld. Zeus gained control over the skies and became king of the gods. Zeus used his mighty thunderbolts to punish all those who disobeyed him. Zeus married Hera, making her the queen of the gods. The sky god was extremely unfaithful to his wife and slept with women from queens all the way down to peasants. Since Zeus was king of the gods Hera could rarely force Zeus to do any penance, so she took out her wrath on the women Zeus slept with. Zeuss symbols were thunderbolts and eagles. When the three brothers drew straws to determine what area they would control Poseidon got the sea. His wife was Amphritrite who was a Nereid. Like Zeus, Poseidon was not very faithful to his spouse and had many affairs with the nymphs. Poseidon fathered several children who were extremely cruel and wild. Among his children were Orion the giant and the Polyphemus Cyclops. In art, Poseidon is generally featured holding a trident and accompanied by a dolphin. Also, Poseidon was said to have created many animals. He accidentally created such animals as the zebras while perfecting the horse. Hades was the god of the dead. When he and his three brothers divided up the universe, he ended up with the underworld. Hades rarely came out of the underworld to Mount Olympus, the place where the gods resided, because he was not welcome there. Persephone, whom Hades had abducted in order to get her to the underworld, was Hades queen. Hades was a pitiless god who never paid attention to prayer or sacrifice. But Hades was not an evil god. He was often referred to as the Lord of the riches because his kingdom was believed to be the reason for precious metals and crops. Hades wore a helmet and a cape that made him invisible. Hera was the queen of the gods. She was both the wife and sister of Zeus. Hera was a jealous goddess who never forgot an injury and always remembered to retaliate at the source of the injury with vengeance. She was the mother of Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus. Hera was extremely displeased at the way that Zeus often treated children. Hera was the protector of marriage, married women, and children. Many people think that Hera was an ugly god that had no life outside of harassing here husband about his other relationships, because she was always after Zeuss mortal partners, but this is not true for she was thought to be one of the most beautiful gods, and many god were attracted to her. Demeter was the goddess of harvest. When her daughter, Persephone, was abducted to the underworld, Demeter became depressed. As a result Demeter produced no harvest and caused a famine. Zeus had to step in to correct the situation. Zeus ordered Hades to allow Persephone to be released. Hades obeyed his brother but before he let Persephone go, he forced her to eat pomegranate seeds that would cause her to come back to him for four months each year. So during the months Demeter was with her daughter she produced great crops; during the months Hades was with Persephone there was only death among the crops. Hestia was the goddess

Hydromorphone Essays

Hydromorphone Essays Hydromorphone Essay Hydromorphone Essay The name of the drug is called Hydromorphone. The systematic name ( IUPAC ) is 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmor-phinan-6-one. Hydromorphone hydrochloride has a chemical expression of C17H19NO3. There are four functional groups in Hydromorphone hydrochloride: An Ether group A Ketone group An Amine group ( third ) A Phenol group Stereochemistry and conformation: Hydromorphone hydrochloride has 4 chiral Centres ( Four different groups attached to a sp3 hybridised C one chiral Centre ) . Therefore it has 24 = 16 stereoisomers. Carbon figure 1 has R-configuration Carbon figure 2 has R-configuration Carbon figure 3 has S-configuration Carbon figure 4 has R-configuration Hydromorphone hydrochloride is a semi-rigid molecule because it is composed of a five-member ring system: the phenolic ring ( A ) , the cyclohexane ring ( B ) , the cyclohexanone ring ( C ) , the N-methyl piperidine ring ( D ) , and the tetrahydrofuran ring ( E ) . The molecule has a T form. Ring A, B and E form a perpendicular plane where the C and D form the horizontal plane. Ringing C exists in a chair conformation due to impregnation of C-C two-base hit between C7 and 8. Ringing D besides exists in chair conformation. Synthesis: Commercially, Hydromorphone is made from morphine via either direct rearrangement ( reflux alky or acidic aqueous solution of morphia with Pt or Pd accelerator ) or decrease of morphia via catalytic hydrogenation, this two reactions both produce Dihydromorphine. The Dihydromorphine so undergo Oppenauer oxidization, where it is oxidised with benzophenone in the presence of K tert butoxide or aluminum tert butoxide to organize Hydromorphone. Drug stableness: The half life of Hydromorphone is 2.6hours through unwritten path, where it takes 18.6 hours for sustained release Palladone. Hydromorphone hydrochloride is affected by visible radiation, although Dilaudid hydrochloride injection may develop a little xanthous stain, this alteration does non bespeak loss of authority. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection should be protected from visible radiation and stored at a controlled room temperature of 25 grades C, but can be exposed to temperatures runing from 15 to30 grades C ; freeze of the injection should be avoided. Hydromorphone hydrochloride tablets should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers, normally at 15 to30 grades C ; nevertheless, the maker recommends that the 8-mg tablets be stored at 15 to 25 grades C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride unwritten solution should be stored in light-resistant containers at 15 to 25 grades C, and suppositories of the drug should be stored at 2 to 8 grades C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection reportedly is physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours in most common IV extract solutions when protected from visible radiation at 25 grades C. Hydromorphone is somewhat soluble in H2O, freely soluble in intoxicant and really soluble in trichloromethane. Formulation and packaging: In the U.K. Hydromorphone is merely available in signifier of unwritten capsules and modified release capsules, which means it is released easy to widen the length of the drug s consequence. Available strengths for Dilaudid hydrochloride ( Palladone A ; reg ; ) : 1.3mg ( orange/clear ) , net monetary value 56-capsules battalion = A ; lb ; 8.82 ; 2.6mg ( red/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 17.64. Where for the modified ( let go of Palladone A ; reg ; SR ) : m/r, Dilaudid hydrochloride 2mg ( yellow/clear ) , net monetary value 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 20.98 ; 4mg ( pale blue/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 28.75 ; 8mg ( pink/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 56.08 ; 16mg ( brown/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 106.53 ; 24mg ( dark blue/clear ) , 56-cap battalion = A ; lb ; 159.82. [ BNF 56 page 235-236 ] . Lipinski s Rules: The molecular weight of Hydromorphone is 285 g/mol. ( below 500 ) The Log P of Hydromorphone is +1.69. ( lower than +5 ) There is merely one H bond donating group, which is the hydroxyl group in Phenol. ( less than 5 groups ) here are merely three H bond accepting groups. ( less than 10 groups ) The functional groups are by and large stable to metabolism, i.e. hydrolysis and oxidizations. Harmonizing to the Lipinski s regulations of five , Hydromorphone is an orally active drug. LogP and treatment of hydrophobic/hydrophilic belongingss: It is possible to foretell the Log P of a molecule by utilizing the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Values ( p Values ) for organic fragments. This gives ( +0.5 x 11 ) + ( +2 x 1 ) + ( -1 X 3 ) + ( -1 X1 ) = +3.5. Therefore, the Predicted LogP = +3.5. Since 3.5 is greater than 0.5, Dilaudid is indissoluble in H2O. ( Soluble in H2O if smaller than 0.5 ) Harmonizing to the predicted LogP, Hydromorphone is a really hydrophobic ( lipotropic ) drug and it can go through through the membrane beds in cell and enter the blood stream ( high soaking up ) . Hydromorphone hydrochloride is indissoluble in H2O because of its non-polar groups. They are: The long aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. cyclohexanes and the phenyl group. These non-polar groups will non interact with polar H2O molecules as they can non organize H bonds together and hence indissoluble. pKa and ionization province: Hydromorphone hydrochloride has a pKa of 8.2 at 20 grades C [ Medicine Complete ] , it is decrepit acidic. To cipher the per centum of ionisation of Hydromorphone ( weak acid ) at different pH, Equation 1 can be used: Equation 1 % ionisation= 1001+antilog ( pKa-pH ) At pH 2: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-2 ) = 6.31 ten 10-5 % At pH 7.4: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-7.4 ) = 13.7 % At pH 10: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-10 ) = 98.4 % From the computations on the old page, I can reason that merely 6.31 ten 10-5 % of Dilaudid is ionized at pH 2, i.e. in the tummy. Therefore, there are 100 % 6.31 ten 10-5 % = 99.9999 % of nonionized Hydromorphone which can go through through the membrane barrier and enter the blood stream. Hydromorphone is extremely absorbed by the organic structure in tummy. Mode of action: Hydromorphone is an opioid anodyne ; it reacts with the opioid mu-receptors. The mu-receptors are discretely distributed in the human encephalon with high denseness in the posterior amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical countries. These receptors are besides found in the spinal cord and GI piece of land. It binds onto the mu-receptors and exerts its principle pharmacological consequence on the Central Nervous System and GI piece of land to bring forth analgesia and sedation. Hydromorphone is extremely absorbed by the human organic structure and it shows the analgesia consequence really rapidly one time enter the organic structure. It is 8 to 10 times stronger than morphia due to its hydrophobicity ( really lipophilic ) . Bibliography: Samuel, B. , Stanley, G. , Robert, R. ( 2004 ) , Process for the Synthesis of Hydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO=2006005112 A ; IA=AU2005001002 A ; DISPLAY=DESC, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. ( Date unknown ) , One-pot Isomerization of Morphine to Dihydromorphinone ( Hydromorphone ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/dihydromorphinones.html, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2006 ) , Hydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Hydromorphone.htm, Date accessed 23/04/10. Hildebrand, K. , Elsberry, D. , Anderson, V. ( 2001 ) , Stability and Compatibility of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in an Implantable Infusion System , Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22 ( 6 ) , Page 1042-1047. Author unknown. ( 2010 ) , Hydromorphone Suppository, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugs.com/cdi/hydromorphone-suppository.html, Date accessed 24/04/10 Lipinski, C. ( 2004 ) , Lipinski s rule-of-five, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bioscreening.com/reference/lipinski_rule.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2009 ) , Showing drug card for Hydromorphone ( DB00327 ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00327, Date accessed 24/04/10. Clarkes. ( 2006 ) , Clarke s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons Hydromorphone hydrochloride, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/clarke/2009/CLK0851.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2008 ) , Monograph Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/druginfo/monograph? cid=med A ; drugid=11338 A ; drugname=Hydromorphone+Rect A ; monotype=monograph A ; print=1, Date accessed 24/04/10. BMJ Group, . ( 2008 ) . British National Formulary 56, London, RPS Publishing. Bruice, P, . ( 2004 ) . Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson. Lo, K, . ( 1998 ) Synthesis of N- Phenethylnorhydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/11862/ubc_2001-0456.pdf ; jsessionid=8D12F28D380E801AE9A422C0F9CD3435? sequence=1, Date accessed 26/04/10